Guaranteed minimum income (日本語)

Wikipedia: Guaranteed minimum income (2009-11-18T15:25:11)より転載。

Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) is a proposed systemHistory of Basic Income, Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), retrieved on 18 June 2009 of social welfare provision that guarantees that all citizens or families have an income sufficient to live on, provided they meet certain conditions. Eligibility is typically determined by citizenship, a means test and either availability for the labour market or a willingness to perform community services. The primary goal of a Guaranteed Minimum Income is to combat poverty. If citizenship is the only requirement, the system turns into a Basic Income guarantee.

Elements

A system of Guaranteed Minimum Income can consist of several elements, most notably:

a minimum wage, either set by the government or resulting from negotiations of employers or their organizations with trade unions;
a calculation of the social minimum, usually below the minimum wage;
a safety net, to help citizens or families without sufficient financial means survive at the social minimum. This may be a transfer or, in some cases, a loan, and is generally conditional to availability for work, performance of community services, some kind of social contract, or commitment to a reintegration trajectory;
child support by the government;
Student loan|student grants and student loans;
state pension for the elderly.

Basic income

Template:Main A Basic Income is granted independent of other income (including salaries) and wealth, with no other requirement than citizenship. This is a special case of GMI, based on additional ideologies and/or goals. While most modern countries have some form of Guaranteed Minimum Income, a Basic Income is rare.

A Basic Income is a proposed system of social security, that periodically provides each citizen with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Except for citizenship, a Basic Income is entirely unconditional. There is no means test; the richest as well as the poorest citizens would receive it.

A Basic Income is often proposed in the form of a citizen's dividend (a [transfer]) or a Income TaxTax Negative Income Tax (a guarantee). A Basic Income less than the social minimum is referred to as a Partial Basic Income. A worldwide Basic Income, typically including income redistribution between nations, is known as a Global Basic Income.

One of the arguments for a basic income was articulated by French economist and philosopher André Gorz:

"The connection between more and better has been broken; our needs for many products and services are already more than adequately met, and many of our as-yet- unsatisfied needs will be met not by producing more, but by producing differently, producing other things, or even producing less. This is especially true as regards our needs for air, water, space, silence, beauty, time and human contact...

"From the point where it takes only 1,000 hours per year or 20,000 to 30,000 hours per lifetime to create an amount of wealth equal to or greater than the amount we create at the present time in 1,600 hours per year or 40,000 to 50,000 hours in a working life, we must all be able to obtain a real income equal to or higher than our current salaries in exchange for a greatly reduced quantity of work...

"Neither is it true any longer that the more each individual works, the better off everyone will be. The present crisis has stimulated technological change of an unprecedented scale and speed: `the micro-chip revolution'. The object and indeed the effect of this revolution has been to make rapidly increasing savings in labour, in the industrial, administrative and service sectors. Increasing production is secured in these sectors by decreasing amounts of labour. As a result, the social process of production no longer needs everyone to work in it on a full-time basis. The work ethic ceases to be viable in such a situation and workbased society is thrown into crisis..." Andre Gorz, Critique of economic Reason (Galilée, 1989)

The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) describes one of the benefits of a basic income as having a lower overall cost than that of the current means-tested social welfare benefits. However critics have pointed out the potential work disincentives created by such a program, and have cast doubts over its implementability."The Need for Basic Income: An Interview with Philippe van Parijs", Imprints, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1996). In later years other proposals have been suggested.Basic Income Studies: How it could be organised; Different Suggestions

Examples of implementation

The U.S. State of Alaska has a system which provides each citizen with a share of the state's oil revenues. The USA also has the Earned Income Tax Credit for low-income taxpayers. In 2006 a bill, written by members of the advocacy organization USBIG, to transform the credit into a partial basic income, was introduced in the U.S. Congress, but did not get passed.

In 2008, a two year pilot project with a basic income grant was started in the Namibian village of Otjivero "Basic Income Grants in Otjivero, Namibia", econoblog101 (1 November 2008)"NAMIBIA: Small town, BIG grant", IRIN Africa (4 November 2008). Positive News had a front page article about this in their Summer 2008 issue, and in their summer 2009 edition say this has been a success, with the new income, rather than encouraging apathy, has enabled people to invest time and money in setting up their own businesses.

"The survey also revealed other positive statistics: the total of malnourished children fell from 42 per cent to 17 per cent, while the number of young people not attending school dropped by 50 per cent. There was also reduced child mortality and improved maternal health""Otjivero’s BIG Shows It Can Work", Hilma Shindondola-Mote, New Era (12 June 2009).

Advocates

American revolutionary homas Paine advocated a basic Income Guarantee to all US citizens as compensation for "loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property" (Agrarian Justice, 1795).

In his final book Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? (1967) Martin Luther King Jr. wroteMartin Luther King jr., Where do we go from here: Chaos or community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967) Template:"

In 1968, James Tobin, Paul Samuelson, John Kenneth Galbraith and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce in that year a system of income guarantees and supplements.

In 1973, Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote The Politics of a Guaranteed Income in which he advocated for the Guaranteed Minimum Income and discussed Richard Nixon's GAI proposal.

In 1987, New Zealand's Zealand Labour Party Labour Finance Minister Douglas] announced a Guaranteed Minimum Family Income Scheme to accompany a new flat tax. Both were squashed by then Prime Minister Lange], who sacked Douglas."New Zealand Is Jolted By a Speedy Decontrol", Seth Mydans, The New York Times (24 February 1988)

Modern advocates include Sinn] (Germany) and Buğra] (Turkey).

Funding

Many different sources of funding have been suggested for a guaranteed minimum income:

tax]es
tax]es
gains tax]es
tax]es
tax]es, e.g. tax]
tax]es
Elimination of current support program]s and deduction]s
Repayment of the grant at death or retirement
value tax|Land] and resource tax]es
tax]es
Fees from government created monopolies (such as the broadcast spectrum and utilities)
resource ownership]
stock ownership]
A Mutual Fund]
Money creation or [1]]
[2]], the lottery, or taxes]
Technology Taxes
Tax]

References

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